represents the spatial gradient of temperature T.
Lesson one: Introduction to HETVAL Subroutine in ABAQUS
What is the purpose of developing the HETVAL subroutine?
The first lesson begins by explaining the primary reason for the development of the HETVAL subroutine. In the first section of this lesson, we will discuss what the HETVAL subroutine is and why it is provided. Then, we will explore various applications of HETVAL, demonstrating its usefulness. These applications may include simulating heat generation in phase change materials, modeling the heat generated due to chemical reactions, and analyzing the thermal behavior of metal alloys and composite materials. After exploring the subroutine’s applications, for those who may not be familiar with Abaqus subroutines, we will explain how HETVAL links to Abaqus and how it works.
How to use the HETVAL subroutine?
The primary question is how to utilize the HETVAL subroutine, a topic explored in the second section. In this section, we initially discuss the conditions under which the subroutine can be employed. Next, we provide information on the location of its documentation and how to access it, especially for those who prefer reviewing it themselves. Additionally, we cover the required settings that need to be defined within Abaqus to enable the reading of heat flux from the subroutine. These settings must be applied to material properties in Abaqus. The main part of the lesson starts here, where we introduce the subroutine interface. Following the introduction to this interface, you will acquire a fundamental understanding of the process for writing the subroutine.
What are the subroutine variables?
In the third section, we will discuss the subroutine variables. The first group includes variables passed in for information, such as time, temperature, field variables, and the material name. Then, we will cover the variables that need to be defined within the subroutine to be sent to Abaqus, such as heat flux. Finally, we will introduce variables that can be updated during the solution if needed, such as state variables. We will delve into detailed discussions of these variables in this section. After that, you will gain an understanding of the subroutine’s variables. However, to use the subroutine effectively, we also need to define certain material properties such as density and specific heat capacity in Abaqus, which we will discuss towards the end of this section. By the end of this section, you will be prepared to begin using HETVAL to solve numerical examples.
Workshop 1: Simulation of a 2D domain under constant heat flux
The first workshop involves exploring a straightforward 2D plate subjected to constant heat flux, as outlined in the Abaqus documentation. This example is very simple, chosen specifically to demonstrate how the subroutine can be applied to such a particular problem. Moreover, a step-by-step guide is provided to demonstrate how you can model the problem in Abaqus. Our goal is to extract the domain temperature influenced by the heat flux and then compare it with reference results for verification purposes.
Workshop 2: Simulation of a problem in which heat flux depends on time
The second workshop builds upon the problem addressed in the first workshop by introducing a more complex heat flux scenario. The workshop aims to illustrate how the subroutine operates within a scenario where the heat flux varies with time, a common occurrence in many realistic problems. In this context, we will utilize time as an input parameter in the subroutine to calculate the varying heat flux. Following this approach, we have solved the problem and compared the obtained results with an analytical solution to verify their accuracy.
Workshop 3: Simulation of a problem in which heat flux depends on temperature
In many practical applications, the heat flux is a function of the current temperature and varies accordingly. To demonstrate how the subroutine addresses such scenarios, we have introduced the third workshop. In this workshop, we revisit the problem addressed in the previous workshops but with a different heat flux condition. Here, the heat flux is a function of temperature. It is important to note that this subroutine is more complex than those in the previous workshops; because when the heat flux depends on temperature, the subroutine also needs to calculate the variation of heat flux concerning time, a calculation that is performed in this workshop. We have solved the problem and verified the results to ensure the accuracy of our solution.
Workshop 4: Simulation of a problem in which heat flux depends on a state variable
A powerful capability of the subroutine is its ability to define the heat flux as a function of user-defined state variables. During the solution, we can call upon these state variables, update them, and retain their values for the subsequent calls. This capability enables the solution of various problems involving factors such as damage, cure degree, or other related parameters. To demonstrate how to address such problems, we have explored this capability in the fourth workshop. In this workshop, we have revisited the problem in the previous workshops, but with the distinction that the heat flux is dependent on the state variables. We solved the problem and verified the results to ensure the accuracy and validity of the procedure.
Workshop 5: Simulation of the curing in a prepreg laminate
The last workshop is significantly more complex compared to the previous ones, as it explores a practical scenario to demonstrate how HETVAL can be applied to a realistic problem. In this workshop, we will simulate the curing process in fiber-reinforced composite laminates, an essential step before these laminates can be utilized in the industry. The curing process involves applying heat to meet industry standards for the composite, making it a crucial step in fiber-reinforced composite production. Numerical simulation of this process is challenging and necessitates a thermochemical coupled model to compute the heat released from chemical reactions during curing. Workshop 5 offers a step-by-step guide on simulating the curing process using Abaqus with HETVAL to simplify this complex process.
Lesson 2: Simulation of the Curing Process in Fiber-Reinforced Composites
We hope you have learned everything you expected from Lesson 1 and its workshops. However, upon exploring Workshop 5, you might ask questions like, ‘What is the curing process in fiber-reinforced composites?’ or even, ‘What are fiber-reinforced composites, and where are they used?’. We have answered these questions in the second lesson, which consists of five sections.
What are fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs)?
In the first section of the second lesson, we will discuss what are fiber-reinforced composites. A fiber-reinforced composite comprises two distinct constituents: fibers and a matrix. The fibers offer exceptional strength and stiffness and take up most of the load applied to the composite. On the other hand, the matrix functions as a cohesive agent, binding the fibers together, contributing to distributing the load among the fibers, protecting them from damage, and ensuring the overall structural consistency of the composite. This mixture leads to a material that demonstrates superior properties compared to each component on its own.
Fiber-reinforced composites are recognized for their lightweight characteristics, durability, and strength, making them highly advantageous in a wide range of industries. Based on such specifications, they can be utilized across multiple fields such as aerospace, automotive, construction, sports equipment, and beyond. Due to their outstanding qualities, FRCs have become one of the most promising materials in modern times.
FRCs can be classified into different categories based on the materials they incorporate. Common matrix types include polymers, metals, or ceramics, with a specific focus on polymers in this context. Additionally, composite materials differ based on the fibers used, frequently including materials like glass, carbon, and aramid. They can suffer from diverse configurations, including single or multiple layers, and possess either unidirectional or multidirectional properties, customized for particular purposes. The diverse range of compositions leads to a multitude of behaviors and applications across multiple industries.
How FRCs are made?
Regardless of their classification, modern composites are frequently produced employing two techniques: Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and Prepreg. Each technique has specific advantages. RTM involves injecting resin into a mold, which is filled with dry reinforcing fibers. The resin injection, conducted under pressure, helps remove air and thoroughly saturate the fibers. Subsequently, the mold undergoes heating to assist in the curing of the resin.
On the other hand, Prepreg consists of reinforcing fibers embedded in a controlled environment within a resin matrix. The resin is partially cured but not fully solidified. During the manufacturing process, these prepreg sheets are placed into molds and undergo further curing under heat and pressure to achieve the final product. This method ensures precise control over resin levels, resulting in consistent final composites that produce high-quality components with exceptional mechanical properties.
Although both techniques use resin and fiber reinforcement, the key distinction lies in how the resin is employed. In both methods, the composite undergoes cycles of pressure and temperature to transform the resin from a liquid to a solid state. This critical process, referred to as curing, is essential for all applications and demands careful accuracy.
Two primary methods are commonly employed to apply heat and pressure to cure composite materials: oven heating and autoclave curing. The autoclave method, although more advanced and precise, comes with a higher cost. Whether utilizing an oven or an autoclave, the curing process requires careful planning to maintain the composite’s performance and quality, while also improving its surface finish. Hence, the curing process plays a critical role in the manufacturing of FRCs.
Simulating the curing process in FRCs
Time and temperature are fundamental elements that impact the curing quality of fiber-reinforced composites. High-quality composites often necessitate several hours of curing at an ideal temperature to meet industry standards. However, this extended curing duration can slow down production and decrease efficiency. As a result, many manufacturers opt for shorter curing periods at higher temperatures to boost production rates. However, this strategy might induce residual stress in the composite, affecting its overall quality. Hence, it becomes crucial to optimize the curing process to strike a balance between quality and time. Numerical simulation emerges as a cost-effective method to achieve this optimization.
In simulating the curing process, the degree of cure stands as a crucial parameter that dictates how extensively the material is cured. This degree is influenced by how heat spreads within the material. The complexity arises from having two sources of heat: external heat and internal heat resulting from chemical reactions within the matrix. The internal heat is related to the degree of cure. Hence, studying this behavior demands a thermo-chemical model. Furthermore, the overall strain includes mechanical strains, curing shrinkage strains, and thermal expansion. Therefore, an accurate prediction of stress and strain fields requires a thermo-mechanical model.
The thermochemical model needs to include both a heat transfer equation and a cure kinetic equation to precisely describe the curing process. Within the cure kinetic equation, the curing rate dictates the heat flux, and this rate varies according to the particular composite material being used. Consequently, a single equation cannot be universally applied to all materials. Nonetheless, the existing thermochemical models involve the Fourier heat conduction law and the energy balance law. Please note that for the sake of simplicity within this package, we have omitted the mechanical field during curing. So, only the heat release resulting from chemical reactions is considered.
Read more: Abaqus Heat Transfer
How simulation is conducted in this lesson
The thermochemical model is variable and not universally standardized due to differences in composite properties. Therefore, exploring all these models into a single lesson is not feasible. However, within this lesson, we have chosen a well-known composite type: AS4/3501–6 multidirectional carbon/epoxy prepreg for simulation. Here, we will explain the thermochemical model tailored specifically for simulating this particular material. The model will play a role in simulating the curing process and extracting parameters like the degree of cure and temperature distribution within the composite. Abaqus, equipped with the HETVAL subroutine, will be employed to define and implement the model.
Required subroutines in this lesson
Due to the complexity of curing problems, depending solely on Abaqus for simulations is insufficient. To overcome this limitation, we have integrated Abaqus subroutines into our approach. For instance, the HETVAL subroutine manages heat flux produced by chemical reactions, and DISP defines curing cycles. Through the utilization of these subroutines, we can simulate complex problems within the Abaqus framework. Furthermore, by learning the provided lessons in this package, you will acquire essential knowledge for writing such subroutines.
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It would be helpful to see Abaqus Documentation to understand how it would be hard to start an Abaqus simulation without any Abaqus tutorial.
lemon skunk –
Love sees no faults.
Xylona –
The fourth and fifth workshops in this package demonstrate the powerful capabilities of the HETVAL subroutine in Abaqus. It shows how the heat flux can be defined as a function of user-defined state variables, allowing for the solution of various problems involving parameters like damage or cure degree. The step-by-step instructions provided in the workshops make it easy to understand and implement this feature. The verification of results ensures the accuracy and validity of the procedure. Overall, this package offers practical examples and valuable insights into using HETVAL for complex simulations.
To enhance your skills in this package, I recommend studying the lesson materials thoroughly and practicing the workshops hands-on. If you have specific questions or need guidance for your project, don’t hesitate to seek consultancy and support from the package provider or experts in the field. Additionally, consider pursuing certification to validate your knowledge and skills in using the HETVAL subroutine. Continuous learning, staying updated with the latest developments, and engaging with the community of professionals will help you further enhance your skills in this domain.
Zuleika –
The fifth workshop in this package tackles a realistic and complex problem: the simulation of the curing process in fiber-reinforced composite laminates. This workshop provides a step-by-step guide on using the HETVAL subroutine in Abaqus to simplify this challenging process. The curing process is crucial in the production of fiber-reinforced composites, and numerical simulation offers a cost-effective way to optimize it. The workshop explains the thermochemical model used for simulating the curing process and extracting parameters like the degree of cure and temperature distribution within the composite. The integration of Abaqus subroutines like HETVAL and DISP enhances the capabilities of the software for such simulations.
To enhance your skills in this package, I recommend delving into the second lesson, which provides a comprehensive understanding of fiber-reinforced composites, their manufacturing processes, and the significance of the curing process. You can also explore additional resources outside the package to expand your knowledge further. If you have a specific project related to this product, consider reaching out for consultancy to get guidance tailored to your requirements. Obtaining a certificate for completing the lessons and workshops will validate your proficiency. Additionally, continue learning and stay updated with the latest developments in the field to prepare yourself for job opportunities.
Balthazar –
Lesson 2 of this package offers valuable insights into fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) and their manufacturing processes. It explains how FRCs are composed of fibers and a matrix, and the role each component plays in providing strength and durability. The lightweight characteristics, durability, and strength of FRCs make them highly advantageous in various industries. The lesson covers different types of FRCs based on matrix and fiber materials, as well as their applications in industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction.
To enhance your knowledge about this package, I recommend thoroughly studying Lesson 2 to understand the fundamentals of FRCs. If you have specific questions about the curing process in FRCs or the materials used, this lesson provides answers. Additionally, you can explore external resources to further expand your understanding of FRCs and their applications in specific industries. If you have a specific project related to this product, consider seeking consultancy to get expert guidance tailored to your project’s requirements. Obtaining a certificate for completing the lessons will validate your knowledge and skills in this domain, which can be beneficial for job opportunities.
Cassius –
The HETVAL subroutine workshops in this package are an excellent resource for users who want to explore advanced simulations in Abaqus. The workshops delve into the capabilities of the HETVAL subroutine, demonstrating how heat flux can be defined using user-defined state variables. By providing step-by-step instructions and verification of results, the workshops ensure a clear understanding and accurate implementation of this powerful feature. Users will gain practical insights into complex simulations and expand their proficiency in utilizing the HETVAL subroutine effectively.
Erasmus –
Workshop 5 in this package offers a detailed and practical guide to simulating the curing process in fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) using the HETVAL subroutine. Curing is a critical step in FRC production, and this workshop simplifies the complex process, enabling users to simulate and optimize it efficiently. The workshop explains the thermochemical model used to compute heat release during curing and highlights the importance of parameters such as the degree of cure and temperature distribution in FRCs. By integrating the HETVAL subroutine and other Abaqus features, users can tackle real-world challenges in FRC manufacturing and gain valuable expertise in this specialized area.
Ignatius –
Lesson 2 in this package serves as a comprehensive introduction to fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) and their manufacturing processes. It covers the fundamental concepts of FRCs, including the composition of fibers and matrices, their role in providing strength and durability, and the various types of FRCs based on different materials. The lesson explores the wide-ranging applications of FRCs in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction. By studying this lesson, users will develop a solid understanding of FRCs, enabling them to appreciate the advantages of these materials and apply them effectively in their respective fields.
Leander –
The HETVAL subroutine workshops included in this package offer a practical and in-depth exploration of its capabilities within Abaqus. Users will learn how to define heat flux using user-defined state variables, providing them with a flexible approach to handle complex simulations. The workshops provide clear instructions, guiding users through each step of the process, and ensure the accuracy of the results through verification. By engaging with these workshops, users can enhance their proficiency in utilizing the HETVAL subroutine and expand their simulation capabilities.
Meliora –
:Workshop 5 is a valuable resource for users seeking to simulate the curing process in fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) using the HETVAL subroutine in Abaqus. The workshop provides a comprehensive and systematic guide, breaking down the complexities of the curing process and simplifying it for simulation purposes. Users will gain insights into thermochemical models, which are crucial for accurately predicting heat release during curing. By following the step-by-step instructions and leveraging the HETVAL subroutine’s capabilities, users can effectively simulate and optimize the curing process in FRCs, making it an indispensable tool for FRC manufacturing and research.