Inherent strain method in Metal Additive Manufacturing simulation (using subroutines and Python scripting in Abaqus)

 250.0

Additive Manufacturing (AM), a revolutionary layer-by-layer fabrication technology, is transforming how products are designed and manufactured. This comprehensive tutorial package focuses on the Inherent Strain (IS) method, a highly efficient numerical approach for simulating the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process in metal additive manufacturing. The detailed thermo-mechanical simulation of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) for complex geometric parts requires a large number of time steps to estimate residual stress and distortion, which is not computationally cost-effective. Furthermore, based on the large thermal gradient near the heat source, the mesh size must be sufficiently small to accurately predict the induced residual stress and distortion of the deposited layers in the heat-affected zone. Therefore, applying a coupled thermo-mechanical analysis for multiple laser scans with a fine mesh model to macro-scale simulation would incur excessively large computational costs.

Additionally, the large number of degrees of freedom for each element in the mechanical analysis leads to higher complexity as well as a longer amount of processing time. Detailed thermo-mechanical analysis for an industrial component is almost impractical since it would demand hundreds of terabytes of memory and years to calculate. Therefore, to overcome the huge computational burden associated with the numerical simulation of the LPBF caused by the infinitesimal laser spot size and thousands of thin layers with a thickness at the micron level, the Inherent Strain Method in additive manufacturing has been widely used in research and commercial software.

In this tutorial, the Inherent Strain Method additive manufacturing approach is presented both theoretically and practically in Abaqus. An agglomeration approach will be considered to transfer an equivalent inherent strain from both micro-scale and macro-scale modeling strategies. The implementation of this approach is explained step by step, accompanied by various workshops in micro-scale and macro-scale models for different geometries. This training package enables you to write your subroutine codes and Python scripting, as well as have more control over the LPBF process simulation.

Laser Assisted Machining (LAM): Modeling and Simulation in Abaqus/CAE

 310.0

In this tutorial, a comprehensive discussion on modeling and simulation of laser assisted machining is presented. It includes building FEM-based models of machining, laser heating, and laser-assisted machining models in Abaqus/CAE. The finite element method (FEM) simulation is based on the coupled thermo-mechanical behavior. The package walks learners through building models that simulate the impact of laser heating on the workpiece. Detailed lessons cover constructing basic machining and laser heating models, setting boundary conditions like cutting speed and laser power, and writing subroutines such as DFLUX and VDFLUX to simulate laser heat sources. Additionally, learners will perform analyses to study temperature distribution, and stress-strain behavior. Through parametric analysis and comprehensive result evaluation, learners will gain a deep understanding of temperature distribution, stress behavior, and how laser heating can improve the machining process.

Simulation of Inertia Welding process in Abaqus | Fortran Subroutines and Python Scripts

 210.0

This tutorial provides a comprehensive guide to simulating inertia friction welding process​ using Abaqus, a powerful Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool. Inertia welding process, commonly used in aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing industries, is a solid-state process that joins metal parts using kinetic energy. The simulation focuses on modeling frictional heating, temperature distribution, and material behavior through integrated Fortran subroutines and Python scripts. These scripts automate tasks such as remeshing and model generation, enhancing efficiency. Key steps include defining axisymmetric models, applying material properties, and simulating thermal and mechanical interactions during the inertia welding process. This guide equips researchers and engineers with a robust methodology for inertia welding simulation, to optimize welding parameters and analyze weld quality.

Note: All files are available now; the tutorial video and PDF file will be available one week after purchase. 

Using Viscoelastic and Path-Dependent Models for Analyzing the Curing Process in Fiber-Reinforced Composites With Abaqus subroutines

 290.0
(2)
Fiber-reinforced composites, widely used across various industries, consist of reinforcing fibers embedded in a matrix. During the curing process, this mixture transforms into a stable material. Curing is a critical step to ensure the durability and strength of the final product. In one of our intermediate packages, we used Abaqus to analyze the curing process in composites with linear elastic models. While these models are straightforward and user-friendly, their accuracy is limited because composites exhibit viscoelastic behavior during curing, rather than elastic behavior. To address this limitation, the current package introduces two more advanced and accurate models for analyzing residual stresses in composites: the viscoelastic model and the path-dependent model. These models offer significantly greater accuracy compared to linear elastic ones but involve added complexity. To simplify this complexity for users, the package begins with a comprehensive overview of the underlying theories and formulations for the viscoelastic and path-dependent models. It then provides detailed guidance on implementing these models using Abaqus subroutines. Finally, workshops are included to demonstrate how the viscoelastic model significantly improves the prediction of residual stresses in composites compared to the elastic models featured in our intermediate package.

Abaqus Kelvin Voigt Model (Viscoelastic) Simulation Using UMAT and VUMAT Subroutines

 270.0
(4)

This research presents a precise three-dimensional mechanical response of viscoelastic materials using Abaqus kelvin voigt viscoelastic model. We performed this kelvin voigt model Abaqus simulation using both UMAT and VUMAT subroutines for standard and explicit solvers.

The behavior of viscoelastic materials is a state between the behavior of a liquid and a solid. In other words, they behave both like liquids and solids. That is to say, there are many natural and synthetic materials that are classified as viscoelastic materials; From the biological structures of the body such as skin, cartilage and tissue to concrete, foams, rubbers, and synthetic polymers. Due to these unique properties, viscoelastic materials have many applications.

In this regard, the primary goals of this study include the development and implementation of an accurate three-dimensional Abaqus kelvin voigt viscoelastic model, and the integration of viscoelastic properties into the analysis, which can improve the prediction of viscoelastic materials response under different boundary and loading conditions.

This tutorial, by customizing the UMAT and VUMAT subroutines to simulate flexible samples behavior, contributes to the advancement of viscoelastic materials design and analysis.

Implementation of Soil Constitutive Models in Abaqus | With a Special Focus on CSJ Models

 240.0

Constitutive model implemented in calculation code, play an important role in the material behaviors prediction. In the field of geotechnical engineering there are numerous soil constitutive models. By installing these models in a finite element code such as Abaqus, their development, efficiency and advancement can be increased. Also, more and more complex engineering problems can be solved by this method. But to do this, you need a proper understanding of the mathematical and programming basics of these models. This tutorial focuses on implementing advanced constitutive models in Abaqus, particularly for simulating soil behavior. Focusing on the CJS model, this tutorial tries to teach how to work and how to program these models in Abaqus code. It includes detailed explanations of VUMAT and UMAT subroutines and practical examples of implementing the CJS model.

Concrete Damage Plasticity Simulation of FRP-Confined Concrete Columns in Abaqus

 280.0

This tutorial package provides a comprehensive guide to implementing USDFLD subroutine in the context of Concrete Damage Plasticity Material Model.  The tutorial focuses on key modeling aspects such as definition of concrete material properties using Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) Model.  A theoretical background of the model will be presented and detailed explanation of the definition of all material properties will be given.  The package will also explain the usage of the USDFLD subroutine to modify concrete material properties dynamically during simulation. Examples of implementing USDFLD in the context of CDP will be presented with focus on material properties that vary in function of pressure and axial strain defined as field variables.

All other modeling details will also be explained including boundary conditions, meshing, loading, and interactions.

By following the detailed steps in this tutorial, you will be able to create and analyze advanced FEM simulations in Abaqus with a focus on concrete having properties that vary during simulation.

Hygrothermal effects on composite materials | Degradation in Fiber Reinforced Composites Abaqus Simulation: Python & Subroutines

 280.0

In this tutorial, we explore the hygrothermal degradation composites using ABAQUS, a powerful tool for parallel finite element analysis. Industries like aerospace, marine, and automotive heavily rely on these composites due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and versatility. However, long-term exposure to moisture and temperature can degrade their mechanical properties, making an analysis of hygrothermal effects on composite materials essential for ensuring durability.

ABAQUS allows precise modeling of these environmental conditions through Python scripts and Fortran subroutines. This combination enables efficient simulations across multiple processors, offering insights into key elastic properties, such as Young’s modulus and shear modulus, under varying conditions. By leveraging the ABAQUS Python Scripting Micro Modeling (APSMM) algorithm and custom subroutines, engineers can predict the long-term performance of fiber-reinforced composites, optimizing design and enhancing material performance in critical sectors like aerospace and marine.

In the present Abaqus tutorial for parallel finite element analysis, we have presented the software skills that a person needs when he wants to perform a parallel finite element analysis such as a micro-macro scale analysis. The Abaqus tutorial for parallel finite element analysis covers all you need to write a python scripting code for noGUI environment and also Fortran code for the subroutine environment of Abaqus to execute a parallel finite element analysis via Abaqus software. You can download the syllabus of this package here.

Glass Fracture Analysis with Abaqus | Post-Fracture

 140.0

This tutorial explores a finite element method (FEM) simulation using Abaqus to analyze the post-fracture behavior of structural glass members retrofitted with anti-shatter safety films. In particular, it focuses on simulating and calibrating the vibration response of cracked glass elements under repeated impacts and temperature gradients, contributing to a comprehensive analysis of critical phenomena that take place in the post-fracture stage. This tutorial follows the methodology outlined in the research article “Effects of post-fracture repeated impacts and short-term temperature gradients on monolithic glass elements bonded by safety films”.

Key aspects include modeling glass fracture, assigning material properties, and defining boundary conditions to assess the vibration frequency and load-bearing capacity of cracked monolithic glass members. Additional topics cover basic concepts of dynamic identification techniques, definition of performance indicators for glass retrofit efficiency, and frequency sensitivity analysis of monolothic retrofitted glass elements under various operational and ambient conditions. The simulation results help quantify the expected contribution and residual strength of safety films in post-fracture scenarios, providing a robust framework for structural engineers to extend this investigation to other glass configurations.

This tutorial is ideal for users who want to understand FEM modeling in Abaqus and perform detailed simulations involving complex material interactions, with a focus on practical applications in glass retrofit technology.

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Available by the end of January

Seismic Analysis in Post-Tensioned Concrete Gravity Dam Design Using Abaqus Subroutines

 190.0
This project investigates the seismic analysis of post-tensioned concrete gravity dams. To achieve this, we utilized ABAQUS CAE with the UEL (User Element) subroutine. The project enhances the simulation of complex structural interactions, including inclined anchors and weak joints, which are crucial elements in concrete gravity dam design. Specifically, it provides a detailed comparison between transient and pseudo-static analysis results. This comparison is essential for understanding how the dynamic responses and structural behavior of these dams under seismic conditions can be effectively modeled and validated within the broader scope of concrete gravity dam design. Moreover, the project offers insights into potential debonding issues and their impact on post-tensioning forces, which are critical considerations in concrete gravity dam design. This research benefits civil engineers and academics by advancing the methodologies used for designing and analyzing the resilience of gravity dams, particularly in earthquake-prone regions.

Advanced Finite Element Analysis of Off-Axis Tunnel Cracking Laminates

 0.0
(5)
The project investigates off-axis oriented tunnel cracking laminates. It focuses on cracks growing at an angle to the primary fiber direction in layered laminates. By examining factors such as ply thickness, crack spacing, and material properties, the study analyzes how these elements influence the energy release rate and mode mix during crack propagation. The project employs Abaqus CAE, along with UEL and UMAT subroutines, to model and analyze these cracks. It offers comprehensive insights into crack growth mechanics under various loading conditions. Moreover, a Python script is used to automate the entire simulation process. It handles tasks such as geometry creation, defining model properties, setting boundary conditions, generating and modifying input files, and post-processing. So, it enables us to calculate crack profiles and energy release rates. The project benefits researchers, engineers, academics, and industry practitioners by providing valuable methodologies and insights into the behavior of composite materials.

3D Simulation of Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) Damage Model

 190.0
The GTN (Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman) damage model is a robust continuum damage model used to simulate ductile fracture in materials. It accounts for porosity, a key damage parameter, to predict material behavior under various loading conditions. The model's benefits include comprehensive fracture analysis, accurate damage prediction, versatility, and enhanced simulation capabilities. Despite these advantages, implementing the GTN model in software like Abaqus (GTN model Abaqus) is challenging. It is due to the need for custom subroutines, such as VUMAT. However, writing the subroutine requires proficiency in Fortran programming and an understanding of finite element analysis. This project provides a detailed guide for using the VUMAT subroutine to define the GTN model in Abaqus. It addresses challenges like high computational costs and the need for extensive experimental data. The tutorial demonstrates the model's application in material design, failure analysis, structural integrity assessment, research and development, and manufacturing process simulation. By exploring stress distribution, nodal temperatures, and displacement fields, the project aims to enhance the understanding and predictive capabilities of the GTN damage model.

Viscoplasticity Abaqus Simulation Using UMAT Subroutine | Perzyna Viscoplastic Model

 270.0

Viscoplasticity describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of materials, where deformation depends on both stress magnitude and application speed. This concept is crucial in many engineering applications, such as designing structures under dynamic loads, modeling soil behavior during earthquakes, and developing materials with specific mechanical properties. Viscoplasticity Abaqus simulation, especially using Abaqus with UMAT subroutines, are vital for understanding, predicting, and optimizing the behavior of viscoplastic materials. This tutorial focuses on implementing the Perzyna viscoplasticity model in Abaqus. The Perzyna viscoplastic model, a strain rate-dependent viscoplasticity model, relates stress to strain through specific constitutive relations. This involves defining plastic strain rate based on stress state, internal variables, and relaxation time. The tutorial provides general UMAT codes for viscoplastic analysis, yielding results like stress fields essential for various engineering applications. These simulations help in predicting permanent deformations, assessing structural failure points, and analyzing stability under different loads, benefiting fields such as aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and energy.

Abaqus User element tutorial | UEL advanced level

 270.0
(10)
User element (UEL) subroutine (user-defined element) is the highest level of a subroutine that Abaqus offers to its users. This subroutine allows the user to program the basic building block of a finite element simulation. This subroutine becomes very powerful when the user wants to implement a type of element that is not available in Abaqus. Using this subroutine, user can define different types of shape functions, introduce element technology that is not available in Abaqus, or simulate multiphysical behavior that is not possible otherwise. This Abaqus user element tutorial package will give a brief introduction to the user element subroutine followed by theory and algorithm to write subroutine small strain mechanical analysis. First, we will highlight the UEL element stiffness matrix and element residual vector which are to be programmed in the first example. We will also cover shape functions and numerical integration. Next, we’ll talk about UEL inputs and outputs. The first example contains the detailed development procedure of a general-purpose subroutine for 2D plane-strain and 3D simulations using triangular, quadrilateral, tetrahedral, and hexahedral type of elements with reduced and full integration scheme. The second example demonstrates the procedure to build UEL-compatible model in Abaqus/CAE. It also demonstrates how to apply complicated boundary conditions with UEL as well as perform Abaqus analysis on structures which has standard and user elements. As an outcome, user can write their own UEL subroutine afterwards using this program as template.

Pultrusion Crack Simulation in Large-Size Profiles | Pultrusion Abaqus

 250.0

Pultrusion is a crucial task for producing constant-profile composites by pulling fibers through a resin bath and heated die. Simulations play a vital role in optimizing parameters like pulling speed and die temperature to enhance product quality and efficiency. They predict material property changes and aid in process control, reducing reliance on extensive experimental trials. However, simulations face challenges such as accurately modeling complex material behaviors and requiring significant computational resources. These challenges underscore the need for precise simulation methods to improve Pultrusion processes. This study employs ABAQUS with user subroutines for detailed mechanical behavior simulations, including curing kinetics and resin properties. Key findings include insights into crack formation (pultrusion crack simulation), material property changes, and optimization strategies for enhancing manufacturing efficiency and product quality. This research (pultrusion Abaqus) provides practical knowledge for implementing findings in real-world applications, advancing composite material production.

Elastomeric Foam Simulation Using Abaqus Subroutines

 270.0
This study focuses on modeling the mechanical behavior of open-cell, isotropic elastomeric foams. It is essential for applications in materials science and engineering. The project offers insights into designing customized elastomeric foam materials tailored for impact protection in automotive, sports equipment, and aerospace industries. Numerical simulations, using software like Abaqus, enable the prediction of complex behaviors such as hyperelasticity and viscoelasticity under various loading conditions. This finite element analysis of elastomers includes theoretical formulations for hyperelastic constitutive models based on logarithmic strain invariants, crucial for accurately describing large deformations. Practical benefits include the implementation of user-material subroutines in Abaqus, facilitating future extensions to incorporate strain-rate sensitivity, and microstructural defects analysis. This comprehensive approach equips learners with theoretical knowledge and practical tools to advance elastomeric foam simulation. Moreover, it enhances their capability to innovate and optimize materials for diverse applications.

Theta Protection Creep Model | Turbine Blade Creep Life Accurate Prediction | Creep Failure in Turbine Blades

 250.0
(10)

Creep is one of the most significant failure modes in many components where the working temperature and stresses are high for a prolonged period of time. Existing creep models in commercial analysis software like Abaqus are not adequate to model all stages of creep namely – primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. Theta projection method is a convenient method proven to predict all stages of creep, especially the tertiary stage where strain rates are high leading to internal damage and fracture. The aim of the project is to develop a user subroutine for Abaqus to model creep in components using the Theta projection method. The constitutive model for the Theta projection method based on the accumulation of internal state variables such as hardening, recovery, and damage developed by (R.W.Evans, 1984) is adopted to compile a Fortran code for the user subroutine. The user subroutine is validated through test cases and comparing the results with experimental creep data. Creep analysis of a sample gas turbine blade (Turbine Blade Creep) is then performed in Abaqus through the user subroutine and the results are interpreted.

Results of test cases validate the accuracy of the Theta Projection Method in predicting all primary, secondary, and tertiary stages of creep than existing creep models in Abaqus (Creep Failure in Turbine Blades). Results at interpolated & extrapolated stress & temperature conditions with robust weighted least square regression material constants show the convenience in creep modeling with less input data than existing models. The results of creep analysis not only predicted the creep life but also indicated the internal damage accumulation. Thus, creep modeling of components through the user subroutine at different load conditions could lead us to more reliable creep life predictions and also indicate the regions of high creep strain for improvements in the early stages of design.

Dynamic Response of Rail Track Analysis Under a Moving Load

 190.0

Railway tracks are subjected to moving loads of trains and this causes vibration and degradation of the track. The judgment of these vibrations is important to design the railway tracks. Therefore, the rail track analysis become important. The design involves the permissible speed of trains and the maximum axle load of the train. The model given here creates a 3D geometry of a railway track and applies a moving load in the form of a wheel. A user can change the speeds and the properties of the material including geometry as per their needs.

continuously reinforced concrete pavement​ (CRCP) Analysis

 210.0
(1)

The increasing adoption of continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) in highway pavement design is driven by its demonstrated superior performance. Critical to evaluating the long-term effectiveness of CRCP is the understanding of early-age cracks, which has garnered significant interest from highway departments. This Abaqus Continuously reinforced concrete pavement modeling project aims to establish precise design parameters for CRCP and analyze the formation of crack patterns. By accounting for stress factors such as environmental conditions and CRCP shrinkage modeling, the project offers valuable insights into predicting the likelihood of crack initiation and propagation within the concrete slab. These insights are instrumental in enhancing the durability and performance of CRCP structures, thus advancing the efficiency and effectiveness of highway infrastructure.

Laser Forming Process Tutorial in Abaqus

 120.0
(1)
The laser forming process is performed by applying thermal stresses to the workpiece surface by heating the surface with a laser beam. These internal stresses induce plastic strains in the part resulting in local elastic-plastic deformation (Laser-induced plastic deformation). In this laser forming simulation tutorial the DFLUX subroutine is used to apply heat flux (Gaussian heat distribution) dependent on location and time in finite element simulation. For example, the linear heating processes of laser forming and welding (with a slight simplification) can be simulated by this subroutine. In the linear heating process, by applying heat flux to the surface of a sheet, a thermal gradient is created in its thickness. This thermal gradient causes permanent deformation of the sheet. To simulate the laser forming process, it is necessary to apply a time and location-dependent heat flux to the sheet. In this type of loading, a heat flux is applied on the plate, which is defined using the DFLUX subroutine, including the laser power, movement speed, beam diameter, absorption coefficient, and laser movement path according to the designed experiments (Laser forming process parameters). To verify this Abaqus laser forming simulation, the simulation results and experimental results of sheet deformation (U) are compared. The displacement of the sheet in the simulation is in good agreement with the experimental results.

Short fiber composite damage (Mean Field Homogenization Model)

 220.0
(9)
Short-fiber reinforced thermoplastics, popular due to their strength, lightness, and cost-effectiveness, are often manufactured using injection molding to create complex parts with dispersed short fibers. However, failure in these materials is complex, involving mechanisms like fiber cracking and plastic deformation. Current models for damage and failure are either macroscopic or simplified. A new method tackles this challenge by evaluating stiffness using continuum damage mechanics with a multistep homogenization approach. This new method is called “Mean Field Homogenization”. This approach involves a two-stage process: first, the fibers are split into groups (grains). Then, mean-field homogenization is employed within Abaqus using a UMAT subroutine to average stiffness across these phases, followed by overall homogenization. This use of mean-field homogenization Abaqus simplifies the modeling of the composite's intricate geometry. The method was validated through testing on a distal radius plate. Calibration was achieved through experiments, and the simulation was performed using Abaqus finite element software. It's important to note that the Abaqus short fiber damage mean field homogenization process was implemented within Abaqus through the INP code.

Tread wear simulation in Abaqus

 170.0
(1)
This training package provides a comprehensive exploration of tire tread wear, focusing on its simulation using the UMESHMOTION subroutine in ABAQUS. Tread wear, the gradual erosion of a tire's outer rubber surface, impacts crucial performance aspects like traction and handling. The package elucidates the importance of tread wear simulation, emphasizing safety, performance optimization, regulatory compliance, durability, cost efficiency, environmental impact, and consumer confidence. The UMESHMOTION subroutine, a key element in ABAQUS, is demystified through illustrative examples. Its application in modeling wear processes, specifically employing the Archard model, is highlighted—particularly in node movement specification during adaptive meshing. The workshop within this package delves into simulating tire wear at a speed of 32 km/h over 1000 hours, utilizing the UMESHMOTION subroutine and Archard equations. The tire modeling process, transitioning from axisymmetric to three-dimensional elements, is detailed, considering both slip and non-slip modes of movement. This resource serves as a valuable guide for professionals and enthusiasts seeking to understand and implement effective tread wear simulation techniques using advanced computational tools.

Hydroforming process simulation using VDLOAD subroutine in Abaqus

 170.0
(1)
Dive into the intricacies of hydroforming simulation in Abaqus alongside the VDLOAD subroutine with our comprehensive guide. This tutorial delves into the essence of the Abaqus hydroforming simulation, unraveling the nuances of the hydroforming process simulation. Hydroforming, a specialized metal shaping technique applicable to diverse materials like steel, copper, and aluminum, is explored in depth. In the workshop component, we specifically focus on advanced hydroforming simulation using the VDLOAD subroutine, highlighting its pivotal role in specifying fluid pressure on sheet metal forming. Learn how to apply the Functional Fluid Pressure Loading feature for precise control over fluid pressure dynamics. Additionally, explore the Smooth Amplitude option for defining part displacement seamlessly, without introducing dynamic changes during problem-solving. Conclude your exploration with a comparative analysis of simulation outcomes, dissecting scenarios with and without fluid pressure using Abaqus hydroforming simulation. Engage in discussions on subroutine writing, delving into the intricacies of incorporating Fluid Pressure Loading into your simulations. This guide offers a natural progression through hydroforming and VDLOAD, providing valuable insights for efficient and accurate simulations.

Curing process simulation in Abaqus

 250.0
(12)
Fiber-reinforced composites have found widespread use across various fields due to their remarkable properties. This necessitates a careful design of their manufacturing processes to attain industrial application quality. The critical factor influencing their quality is the curing process, wherein the resin transforms into a solid state under temperature cycles. However, the challenge lies in achieving optimal curing quality while maintaining production efficiency. To overcome this challenge, an effective approach involves utilizing numerical simulations to optimize temperature cycles during curing. Nonetheless, creating such a model is complex as it must consider multiple factors concurrently, including temperature release from chemical reactions, shrinkage strains, and stress resulting from temperature variations, topics covered in this package. The package begins with an introduction to fiber-reinforced composites, exploring their advantages, applications, and categorization. It guides you through the fabrication process, detailing curing techniques and associated challenges. Furthermore, the package introduces constitutive equations for simulating the curing process and the necessary Abaqus subroutines for implementation. Additionally, two practical workshops are included to offer experience in modeling the curing process with Abaqus. These workshops enable you to evaluate internal heat generation and analyze strain and stress distributions. They not only provide guidance on simulation and subroutine implementation but also are provided for verification purposes.