Using Viscoelastic and Path-Dependent Models for Analyzing the Curing Process in Fiber-Reinforced Composites With Abaqus subroutines

 290.0
Fiber-reinforced composites, widely used across various industries, consist of reinforcing fibers embedded in a matrix. During the curing process, this mixture transforms into a stable material. Curing is a critical step to ensure the durability and strength of the final product. In one of our intermediate packages, we used Abaqus to analyze the curing process in composites with linear elastic models. While these models are straightforward and user-friendly, their accuracy is limited because composites exhibit viscoelastic behavior during curing, rather than elastic behavior. To address this limitation, the current package introduces two more advanced and accurate models for analyzing residual stresses in composites: the viscoelastic model and the path-dependent model. These models offer significantly greater accuracy compared to linear elastic ones but involve added complexity. To simplify this complexity for users, the package begins with a comprehensive overview of the underlying theories and formulations for the viscoelastic and path-dependent models. It then provides detailed guidance on implementing these models using Abaqus subroutines. Finally, workshops are included to demonstrate how the viscoelastic model significantly improves the prediction of residual stresses in composites compared to the elastic models featured in our intermediate package.

Pipe Soil Interaction in Abaqus

 230.0

Pipe Soil Interaction refers to how buried pipelines and surrounding soil respond to loads and dynamic events, crucial for assessing the stability of pipelines used for water, gas, and oil distribution. This tutorial package includes six workshops that use Abaqus to simulate various soil-pipe scenarios. The tutorials cover the long-term load capacity of pipe piles under axial loads, and multiple simulations of coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) explosions near or inside steel pipelines buried in soil. These simulations employ advanced material models like the Johnson-Cook plasticity for steel and Mohr-Coulomb plasticity for soil, along with the JWL equation for TNT explosions.

Workshops focus on both external and internal explosions, exploring how blast waves affect pipeline integrity and soil deformation. The tutorials emphasize critical aspects like stress, strain, and damage mechanics, offering detailed insights into pipeline behavior under extreme conditions. These simulations help engineers analyze blast loads and optimize the design of buried structures to withstand destructive forces.

Brittle Damage in Abaqus | Brittle Cracking Abaqus​

 240.0

Brittle materials, such as ceramics, glass, and concrete, break or fracture easily under stress without extensive deformation. Unlike ductile materials, brittle materials snap suddenly, lacking the flexibility to rearrange their atomic structure under strain. These materials have low tensile strength but strong compressive resistance, making them vulnerable to brittle cracking Abaqus simulations when stretched or pulled.

Understanding brittle material damage is crucial in safety-critical fields like civil engineering, aerospace, and manufacturing, where unexpected fractures can lead to catastrophic failures. Simulations help engineers predict when and how brittle materials may break, guiding safer design choices. Brittle cracking Abaqus can be modeled using various methods, including the Johnson-Holmquist (JH) model, XFEM, and energy-based approaches, each suited to different types of loading conditions.

For dynamic, high-strain applications like impacts, the JH model is effective, particularly in Abaqus/Explicit with specific damage parameters. For general crack modeling, XFEM is versatile, allowing cracks to form naturally without predefined paths. The energy-based method is useful for slow-loading scenarios, defining an energy threshold for fracture initiation. Each method requires careful input of material properties, mesh refinement, and load conditions to reveal potential failure points and improve material performance in real applications.

Abaqus Kelvin Voigt Model (Viscoelastic) Simulation Using UMAT and VUMAT Subroutines

 270.0

This research presents a precise three-dimensional mechanical response of viscoelastic materials using Abaqus kelvin voigt viscoelastic model. We performed this kelvin voigt model Abaqus simulation using both UMAT and VUMAT subroutines for standard and explicit solvers.

The behavior of viscoelastic materials is a state between the behavior of a liquid and a solid. In other words, they behave both like liquids and solids. That is to say, there are many natural and synthetic materials that are classified as viscoelastic materials; From the biological structures of the body such as skin, cartilage and tissue to concrete, foams, rubbers, and synthetic polymers. Due to these unique properties, viscoelastic materials have many applications.

In this regard, the primary goals of this study include the development and implementation of an accurate three-dimensional Abaqus kelvin voigt viscoelastic model, and the integration of viscoelastic properties into the analysis, which can improve the prediction of viscoelastic materials response under different boundary and loading conditions.

This tutorial, by customizing the UMAT and VUMAT subroutines to simulate flexible samples behavior, contributes to the advancement of viscoelastic materials design and analysis.

Hygrothermal effects on composite materials | Degradation in Fiber Reinforced Composites Abaqus Simulation: Python & Subroutines

 280.0

In this tutorial, we explore the hygrothermal degradation composites using ABAQUS, a powerful tool for parallel finite element analysis. Industries like aerospace, marine, and automotive heavily rely on these composites due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and versatility. However, long-term exposure to moisture and temperature can degrade their mechanical properties, making an analysis of hygrothermal effects on composite materials essential for ensuring durability.

ABAQUS allows precise modeling of these environmental conditions through Python scripts and Fortran subroutines. This combination enables efficient simulations across multiple processors, offering insights into key elastic properties, such as Young’s modulus and shear modulus, under varying conditions. By leveraging the ABAQUS Python Scripting Micro Modeling (APSMM) algorithm and custom subroutines, engineers can predict the long-term performance of fiber-reinforced composites, optimizing design and enhancing material performance in critical sectors like aerospace and marine.

In the present Abaqus tutorial for parallel finite element analysis, we have presented the software skills that a person needs when he wants to perform a parallel finite element analysis such as a micro-macro scale analysis. The Abaqus tutorial for parallel finite element analysis covers all you need to write a python scripting code for noGUI environment and also Fortran code for the subroutine environment of Abaqus to execute a parallel finite element analysis via Abaqus software. You can download the syllabus of this package here.

Glass Fracture Analysis with Abaqus | Post-Fracture

 140.0

This tutorial explores a finite element method (FEM) simulation using Abaqus to analyze the post-fracture behavior of structural glass members retrofitted with anti-shatter safety films. It focuses on simulating the vibration response of cracked glass elements under repeated impacts and temperature gradients, contributing to a comprehensive glass fracture analysis, following the methodology outlined in the research article "Effects of post-fracture repeated impacts and short-term temperature gradients on monolithic glass elements bonded by safety films".

Key aspects include modeling glass fracture, assigning material properties, and defining boundary conditions to assess the vibration frequency and load-bearing capacity of cracked glass members. Additional topics cover dynamic identification techniques, performance indicators for glass retrofit efficiency, and frequency sensitivity analysis under various operational and ambient conditions. The simulation results help quantify the residual strength of safety films in post-fracture scenarios, providing a robust framework for structural engineers to extend this investigation to other glass configurations.

This tutorial is ideal for users who want to understand FEM modeling in Abaqus and perform detailed simulations involving complex material interactions, with a focus on practical applications in glass retrofit technology.

Abaqus basic tutorials on concrete beams and columns

 150.0

Welcome to the “Abaqus Basic Tutorials on Concrete Members,” a comprehensive course tailored for civil and structural engineers seeking to master finite element modeling (FEM) of concrete structures. This tutorial covers key concepts such as plain concrete beam and column modeling, reinforced concrete members, and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The course guides learners through the application of boundary conditions, material properties, and various loading conditions in Abaqus. Key topics include plain concrete beam and column modeling, reinforcement modeling with steel bars and stirrups, and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement techniques. Participants will also explore comparing simulation results with experimental data, as well as interpreting critical outcomes such as stress distribution and failure modes. Through hands-on workshops, learners will simulate structural behaviors under axial, lateral, and compression loads, ensuring a practical understanding of FEM for concrete members. By the end of this course, participants will be proficient in using Abaqus to model and analyze concrete structures, reinforced elements, and advanced composites, providing them with a strong foundation for structural analysis and design.

An Efficient Stiffness Degradation Composites Model with Arbitrary Cracks | An Abaqus Simulation

 0.0
(3)
Composite materials are critical in high-performance applications due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratios and customizable properties. They are widely used in aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering. However, their complex structure makes them susceptible to various damage mechanisms, such as tunnel cracking and delamination, which can significantly affect their structural integrity. Accurate damage prediction is essential for effective use and maintenance. Traditional methods often rely on extensive experimental testing, but finite element analysis (FEA) has become a valuable alternative. Abaqus is particularly effective for modeling composite damage due to its comprehensive material modeling and customizable subroutines. The research presented utilizes Abaqus to develop a model for predicting Stiffness Degradation Composites laminates with arbitrarily oriented cracks, offering valuable insights into damage progression and stiffness loss under various loading conditions. To achieve this, UEL, UMAT, and DISP subroutines are used. Additionally, a Python script is provided to import the model into Abaqus.  

Analysis of Cold Rolled Aluminium Alloy Channel Columns With Abaqus CAE

 110.0
Cold rolled aluminium alloy channel sections are manufactured using a cold-rolling method that is faster and less energy-intensive than traditional methods. It reduces labor, material costs, and construction time. These sections are ideal for green and sustainable buildings due to their recyclability, lightweight nature, and corrosion resistance, making them suitable for various structural applications. This project guides you in using Abaqus for numerical analysis of cold rolled aluminium alloy channel columns to ensure their safety and performance under various loads. This enables you to achieve accurate designs for these members, preventing structural failures, inefficiencies, and increased costs.

Seismic Analysis in Post-Tensioned Concrete Gravity Dam Design Using Abaqus Subroutines

 190.0
This project investigates the seismic analysis of post-tensioned concrete gravity dams. To achieve this, we utilized ABAQUS CAE with the UEL (User Element) subroutine. The project enhances the simulation of complex structural interactions, including inclined anchors and weak joints, which are crucial elements in concrete gravity dam design. Specifically, it provides a detailed comparison between transient and pseudo-static analysis results. This comparison is essential for understanding how the dynamic responses and structural behavior of these dams under seismic conditions can be effectively modeled and validated within the broader scope of concrete gravity dam design. Moreover, the project offers insights into potential debonding issues and their impact on post-tensioning forces, which are critical considerations in concrete gravity dam design. This research benefits civil engineers and academics by advancing the methodologies used for designing and analyzing the resilience of gravity dams, particularly in earthquake-prone regions.

Fiber-based Model for High-Strength Steel Beam Analysis with Abaqus

 190.0
Designers create high-strength steel beams to enhance load-bearing capacity and reduce weight, which is crucial for seismic-resistant structures. Accurate design and High-Strength Steel Beam Analysis are essential to address local buckling and low-cycle fatigue. While experimental methods are costly, numerical simulations using tools like ABAQUS offer precise analysis and modeling capabilities. These include, for example, the stress-strain curve generation and cyclic loading protocols. This project mainly provides a tutorial on ABAQUS modeling, aimed at improving the design and analysis of high-strength steel sections. To do so, it discusses the material property definitions, plasticity models, and mesh details.

Advanced Finite Element Analysis of Off-Axis Tunnel Cracking Laminates

 0.0
(5)
The project investigates off-axis oriented tunnel cracking laminates. It focuses on cracks growing at an angle to the primary fiber direction in layered laminates. By examining factors such as ply thickness, crack spacing, and material properties, the study analyzes how these elements influence the energy release rate and mode mix during crack propagation. The project employs Abaqus CAE, along with UEL and UMAT subroutines, to model and analyze these cracks. It offers comprehensive insights into crack growth mechanics under various loading conditions. Moreover, a Python script is used to automate the entire simulation process. It handles tasks such as geometry creation, defining model properties, setting boundary conditions, generating and modifying input files, and post-processing. So, it enables us to calculate crack profiles and energy release rates. The project benefits researchers, engineers, academics, and industry practitioners by providing valuable methodologies and insights into the behavior of composite materials.

Bolting Steel to Concrete in Composite Beams: ABAQUS Simulation Validated Against Experiments

 140.0
Composite beams with welded stud shear connectors pose challenges in terms of disassembly and reuse, which impacts their sustainability. By bolting steel to concrete, we can aquire a more sustainable alternative, facilitating easier disassembly and reuse. Engineers value concrete-steel bolted shear connections for their fatigue resistance, secure connections, and ease of disassembly. These factors make them suitable for various applications. Proper design is crucial for these connections to ensure effective shear force transfer and durability. This project provides valuable insights into analyzing bolted concrete-steel connections. It helps utilizing advanced modeling techniques in ABAQUS to simulate their behavior under different loading conditions. By addressing the benefits and challenges of experimental and numerical methods, this project enhances our understanding of composite connections. It enables improved construction practices. To ensure model’s accuracy, we compared the results with the experimental data, for steel concrete bolts. The project specifically helps you to simulate the bahavior of steel concrete composite beams in the following paper. “A study on structural performance of deconstructable bolted shear connectors in composite beams”  

Inherent strain method in Metal Additive Manufacturing simulation (using subroutines and Python scripting in Abaqus)

 250.0

Additive Manufacturing (AM), a revolutionary layer-by-layer fabrication technology, is transforming how products are designed and manufactured. This comprehensive tutorial package focuses on the Inherent Strain (IS) method, a highly efficient numerical approach for simulating the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process in metal additive manufacturing. The detailed thermo-mechanical simulation of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) for complex geometric parts requires a large number of time steps to estimate residual stress and distortion, which is not computationally cost-effective. Furthermore, based on the large thermal gradient near the heat source, the mesh size must be sufficiently small to accurately predict the induced residual stress and distortion of the deposited layers in the heat-affected zone. Therefore, applying a coupled thermo-mechanical analysis for multiple laser scans with a fine mesh model to macro-scale simulation would incur excessively large computational costs.

Additionally, the large number of degrees of freedom for each element in the mechanical analysis leads to higher complexity as well as a longer amount of processing time. Detailed thermo-mechanical analysis for an industrial component is almost impractical since it would demand hundreds of terabytes of memory and years to calculate. Therefore, to overcome the huge computational burden associated with the numerical simulation of the LPBF caused by the infinitesimal laser spot size and thousands of thin layers with a thickness at the micron level, the Inherent Strain Method in additive manufacturing has been widely used in research and commercial software.

In this tutorial, the Inherent Strain Method additive manufacturing approach is presented both theoretically and practically in Abaqus. An agglomeration approach will be considered to transfer an equivalent inherent strain from both micro-scale and macro-scale modeling strategies. The implementation of this approach is explained step by step, accompanied by various workshops in micro-scale and macro-scale models for different geometries. This training package enables you to write your subroutine codes and Python scripting, as well as have more control over the LPBF process simulation.

3D Simulation of Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) Damage Model

 190.0
The GTN (Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman) damage model is a robust continuum damage model used to simulate ductile fracture in materials. It accounts for porosity, a key damage parameter, to predict material behavior under various loading conditions. The model's benefits include comprehensive fracture analysis, accurate damage prediction, versatility, and enhanced simulation capabilities. Despite these advantages, implementing the GTN model in software like Abaqus (GTN model Abaqus) is challenging. It is due to the need for custom subroutines, such as VUMAT. However, writing the subroutine requires proficiency in Fortran programming and an understanding of finite element analysis. This project provides a detailed guide for using the VUMAT subroutine to define the GTN model in Abaqus. It addresses challenges like high computational costs and the need for extensive experimental data. The tutorial demonstrates the model's application in material design, failure analysis, structural integrity assessment, research and development, and manufacturing process simulation. By exploring stress distribution, nodal temperatures, and displacement fields, the project aims to enhance the understanding and predictive capabilities of the GTN damage model.

Viscoplasticity Abaqus Simulation Using UMAT Subroutine | Perzyna Viscoplastic Model

 270.0

Viscoplasticity describes the rate-dependent inelastic behavior of materials, where deformation depends on both stress magnitude and application speed. This concept is crucial in many engineering applications, such as designing structures under dynamic loads, modeling soil behavior during earthquakes, and developing materials with specific mechanical properties. Viscoplasticity Abaqus simulation, especially using Abaqus with UMAT subroutines, are vital for understanding, predicting, and optimizing the behavior of viscoplastic materials. This tutorial focuses on implementing the Perzyna viscoplasticity model in Abaqus. The Perzyna viscoplastic model, a strain rate-dependent viscoplasticity model, relates stress to strain through specific constitutive relations. This involves defining plastic strain rate based on stress state, internal variables, and relaxation time. The tutorial provides general UMAT codes for viscoplastic analysis, yielding results like stress fields essential for various engineering applications. These simulations help in predicting permanent deformations, assessing structural failure points, and analyzing stability under different loads, benefiting fields such as aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, and energy.

Abaqus User element tutorial | UEL advanced level

 270.0
(10)
User element (UEL) subroutine (user-defined element) is the highest level of a subroutine that Abaqus offers to its users. This subroutine allows the user to program the basic building block of a finite element simulation. This subroutine becomes very powerful when the user wants to implement a type of element that is not available in Abaqus. Using this subroutine, user can define different types of shape functions, introduce element technology that is not available in Abaqus, or simulate multiphysical behavior that is not possible otherwise. This Abaqus user element tutorial package will give a brief introduction to the user element subroutine followed by theory and algorithm to write subroutine small strain mechanical analysis. First, we will highlight the UEL element stiffness matrix and element residual vector which are to be programmed in the first example. We will also cover shape functions and numerical integration. Next, we’ll talk about UEL inputs and outputs. The first example contains the detailed development procedure of a general-purpose subroutine for 2D plane-strain and 3D simulations using triangular, quadrilateral, tetrahedral, and hexahedral type of elements with reduced and full integration scheme. The second example demonstrates the procedure to build UEL-compatible model in Abaqus/CAE. It also demonstrates how to apply complicated boundary conditions with UEL as well as perform Abaqus analysis on structures which has standard and user elements. As an outcome, user can write their own UEL subroutine afterwards using this program as template.

Pultrusion Crack Simulation in Large-Size Profiles | Pultrusion Abaqus

 250.0

Pultrusion is a crucial task for producing constant-profile composites by pulling fibers through a resin bath and heated die. Simulations play a vital role in optimizing parameters like pulling speed and die temperature to enhance product quality and efficiency. They predict material property changes and aid in process control, reducing reliance on extensive experimental trials. However, simulations face challenges such as accurately modeling complex material behaviors and requiring significant computational resources. These challenges underscore the need for precise simulation methods to improve Pultrusion processes. This study employs ABAQUS with user subroutines for detailed mechanical behavior simulations, including curing kinetics and resin properties. Key findings include insights into crack formation (pultrusion crack simulation), material property changes, and optimization strategies for enhancing manufacturing efficiency and product quality. This research (pultrusion Abaqus) provides practical knowledge for implementing findings in real-world applications, advancing composite material production.

Elastomeric Foam Simulation Using Abaqus Subroutines

 270.0
This study focuses on modeling the mechanical behavior of open-cell, isotropic elastomeric foams. It is essential for applications in materials science and engineering. The project offers insights into designing customized elastomeric foam materials tailored for impact protection in automotive, sports equipment, and aerospace industries. Numerical simulations, using software like Abaqus, enable the prediction of complex behaviors such as hyperelasticity and viscoelasticity under various loading conditions. This finite element analysis of elastomers includes theoretical formulations for hyperelastic constitutive models based on logarithmic strain invariants, crucial for accurately describing large deformations. Practical benefits include the implementation of user-material subroutines in Abaqus, facilitating future extensions to incorporate strain-rate sensitivity, and microstructural defects analysis. This comprehensive approach equips learners with theoretical knowledge and practical tools to advance elastomeric foam simulation. Moreover, it enhances their capability to innovate and optimize materials for diverse applications.

Theta Protection Creep Model | Turbine Blade Creep Life Accurate Prediction | Creep Failure in Turbine Blades

 250.0
(10)

Creep is one of the most significant failure modes in many components where the working temperature and stresses are high for a prolonged period of time. Existing creep models in commercial analysis software like Abaqus are not adequate to model all stages of creep namely – primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. Theta projection method is a convenient method proven to predict all stages of creep, especially the tertiary stage where strain rates are high leading to internal damage and fracture. The aim of the project is to develop a user subroutine for Abaqus to model creep in components using the Theta projection method. The constitutive model for the Theta projection method based on the accumulation of internal state variables such as hardening, recovery, and damage developed by (R.W.Evans, 1984) is adopted to compile a Fortran code for the user subroutine. The user subroutine is validated through test cases and comparing the results with experimental creep data. Creep analysis of a sample gas turbine blade (Turbine Blade Creep) is then performed in Abaqus through the user subroutine and the results are interpreted.

Results of test cases validate the accuracy of the Theta Projection Method in predicting all primary, secondary, and tertiary stages of creep than existing creep models in Abaqus (Creep Failure in Turbine Blades). Results at interpolated & extrapolated stress & temperature conditions with robust weighted least square regression material constants show the convenience in creep modeling with less input data than existing models. The results of creep analysis not only predicted the creep life but also indicated the internal damage accumulation. Thus, creep modeling of components through the user subroutine at different load conditions could lead us to more reliable creep life predictions and also indicate the regions of high creep strain for improvements in the early stages of design.

Simulation of an Ultrasonic Transducer (3D Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Turning Tool)

 190.0

Since the invention of ultrasonic vibration assisted turning, this process has been widely considered and investigated. The reason for this consideration is the unique features of this process which include reducing machining forces, reducing wear and friction, increasing the tool life, creating periodic cutting conditions, increasing the machinability of difficult-to-cut material, increasing the surface quality, creating a hierarchical structure (micro-nano textures) on the surface and so on. Different methods have hitherto been used to apply ultrasonic vibration to the tip of the tool during the turning process. In this research, a unique horn has been designed and constructed to convert linear vibrations of piezoelectrics to three-dimensional vibrations (longitudinal vibrations along the z-axis, bending vibrations around the x-axis, and bending vibrations around the y-axis). The advantage of this ultrasonic machining tool compared with other similar tools is that in most other tools it is only possible to apply one-dimensional (linear) and two-dimensional (elliptical) vibrations, while this tool can create three-dimensional vibrations. Additionally, since the nature of the designed horn can lead to the creation of three-dimensional vibrations, there is no need for piezoelectric half-rings (which are stimulated by a 180-phase difference) to create bending vibrations around the x and y axes. Reduction of costs as well as the simplicity of applying three-dimensional vibrations in this new method can play an important role in industrializing the process of three-dimensional ultrasonic vibration assisted turning.

In this example, how to model all the components of an ultrasonic transducer and its modal and harmonic analysis are taught in full detail.

Abaqus convergence tutorial | Introduction to Nonlinearity and Convergence in ABAQUS

 120.0

This package introduces nonlinear problems and convergence issues in Abaqus. Solution convergence in Abaqus refers to the process of refining the numerical solution until it reaches a stable and accurate state. Convergence is of great importance especially when your problem is nonlinear; So, the analyst must know the different sources of nonlinearity and then can decide how to handle the nonlinearity to make solution convergence. Sometimes the linear approximation can be useful, otherwise implementing the different numerical techniques may lead to convergence.

Through this tutorial, different nonlinearity sources are introduced and the difference between linear and nonlinear problems is discussed. With this knowledge, you can decide whether you can use linear approximation for your nonlinear problem or not. Moreover, you will understand the different numerical techniques which are used to solve nonlinear problems such as Newton-Raphson.

All of the theories in this package are implemented in two practical workshops. These workshops include modeling nonlinear behavior in Abaqus and its convergence study and checking different numerical techniques convergence behavior using both as-built material in Abaqus/CAE and UMAT subroutine.

Simulation of Pitting Corrosion Mechanism with Scripting in Abaqus

 230.0
Pitting corrosion is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the random creation of small holes in metal. It can occur with random sizes and distributions, typically modeled as conical or cylindrical shapes. This type of corrosion reduces the strength of structures and increases stress concentration. So, it can lead to various destructive effects such as pipes bursting and reduced resistance to internal pressure. By pitting corrosion simulation, you can assess how corrosion affects stress, vibration, heat transfer, and other factors. This is crucial for enhancing the durability and safety of structures such as storage tanks, shafts, tubes, pipes, and other industrial components. This tutorial includes two scripts for pitting corrosion analysis. They help you to conduct Abaqus pitting corrosion simulation for different examples including a simple plate and a shaft.

Dynamic Response of Rail Track Analysis Under a Moving Load

 190.0

Railway tracks are subjected to moving loads of trains and this causes vibration and degradation of the track. The judgment of these vibrations is important to design the railway tracks. Therefore, the rail track analysis become important. The design involves the permissible speed of trains and the maximum axle load of the train. The model given here creates a 3D geometry of a railway track and applies a moving load in the form of a wheel. A user can change the speeds and the properties of the material including geometry as per their needs.