Fiber-reinforced composites, widely used in industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction, consist of reinforcing fibers embedded in a binding matrix. During a process called curing, this mixture transforms into a stable, application-ready material. Proper curing enhances the material’s performance by minimizing residual stresses, which is essential for achieving durability and strength. This package provides a comprehensive guide to the curing process in fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs), emphasizing its role in producing high-quality materials. It covers numerical simulation methods, including finite element analysis and thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical models, which help optimize curing by predicting stress and deformation. Focusing on advanced techniques with Abaqus software, the package implements viscoelastic and path-dependent models to simulate residual stresses during curing. The provided detailed workshops help users apply these models to various composite types, ensuring accurate and reliable results.
In this tutorial, how to define increments of thermal strains, in order to model thermal expansion, is taught. The implementation of thermal expansion in model is done with UEXPAN and VUEXPAN subroutines for Abaqus/Standard solver (implicit method). In user subroutines UEXPAN or VUEXPAN, the increments of thermal strains can be defined as functions of predefined field variables, temperature, and state variables.
UEXPAN and VUEXPAN are called for all integration points of part elements where the definition of material or gasket behavior includes user-subroutine-defined thermal expansion.
The subroutines are used when the material’s thermal expansion behavior is too complex to model with the "EXPANSION" option in the Abaqus software environment. For example, the subroutines are used in problems where the thermal strains are complexly dependent on temperature, predefined field variables, and state variables, and there is a need to update these variables.
The user subroutine UEXPAN is called twice per element point in each iteration during coupled thermal-electrical-structural or coupled temperature-displacement analyses.